Understanding CRISPR: The Natural Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea
The CRISPR system functions as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea, destroying foreign genetic material. It is made up of CRISPR arrays, which have repeating sequences separated by unique spacers from foreign genetic material, and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) responsible for capturing and destroying the foreign DNA. The system has two classes and six types, with different Cas proteins and mechanisms of action. Its precision and specificity have revolutionized genetic engineering, and it has the potential to revolutionize agriculture and create treatments for diseases. However, its use in humans raises ethical concerns, and safety and efficacy need further study. Additionally, the CRISPR system illuminates the evolution of bacterial and archaeal immune systems.