There are two primary methods of human cloning:
Reproductive Cloning: Reproductive cloning aims to create a fully developed human being with the same genetic information as the donor. This process typically involves somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), where the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell (any non-reproductive cell) of the individual being cloned. The reconstituted egg is then stimulated to initiate cell division and eventually implanted into a surrogate mother’s uterus for gestation. If successful, the cloned embryo develops into a fetus and is born as a genetically identical copy of the original donor.
Therapeutic Cloning: Therapeutic cloning, also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is a technique primarily used for medical purposes. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to generate embryonic stem cells that can be utilized for research and potentially for therapeutic interventions. In this process, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell. The resulting embryo is then cultured to obtain embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of specialized cells. These stem cells hold potential for studying diseases, developing treatments, and potentially regenerating damaged tissues or organs.
It’s important to note that human cloning, particularly reproductive cloning, is highly controversial due to ethical, moral, and social concerns. There are significant ethical considerations related to the potential risks to the cloned individuals, issues of identity and individuality, the exploitation of vulnerable individuals, and the implications for human dignity and autonomy. As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, human reproductive cloning is prohibited in many countries, and there is a general consensus against its practice. However, therapeutic cloning and research involving embryonic stem cells are subject to varying regulations and restrictions in different jurisdictions.