The exact cause of leukemia is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation and certain chemicals such as benzene, prior chemotherapy, and Down syndrome. A family history of leukemia also increases the risk. There are different types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), as well as less common types.
Symptoms of leukemia can vary but may include bleeding, bruising, fatigue, fever, increased risk of infections, bone pain, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests and bone marrow biopsy.
Treatment for leukemia depends on the specific type and may involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant. Supportive care and palliative care are also provided as needed. The success of treatment varies based on the type of leukemia and the age of the individual, with improved outcomes in the developed world. The five-year survival rate for leukemia in the United States is around 57%.
In summary, leukemia is a group of blood cancers characterized by the overproduction of abnormal blood cells in the bone marrow. It can manifest with various symptoms and is diagnosed through blood tests and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant.